Theories Regarding The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient Biology Essay

Theories Regarding The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient Biology screenAimDifferent publications theories regarding the latitudinal transformation slope were examined and analysed to attempt to indicate how theories apologiseing the latitudinal diversity gradient oblige changed in the period 1980-2010. systemIn total, six main theories were identified from the literature and resources studied by trying abstracts and articles for relevant notice words.Main ConclusionsThe main conclusion pull was that no single speculation can adequately explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. Species diversity is ultimately controlled by a combination of operators and until on that point is conclusive proof or agreement on this subject biogeographers and biologists entrust continue to hypothesize on the matter of the driving factors behind the latitudinal diversity gradient.Key WordsLatitudinal Diversity Gradient, Geographical, Species, Species Richness, Taxa, Hypothesis,Biotic, Historic al Perturbation, humour constancy, mood Harshness, Mid- theater, evolutionary Rate, Evolution.IntroductionThe latitudinal diversity gradient is the terminal used to describe the decrease in species natality as sensation moves away from the equator. 1 Discovered by Alexander von Humboldt in 1799, it has remained i of the key questions in Evolutionary Ecology. Understanding the latitudinal diversity gradient is intrinsic in our understanding of the spread of invasive species, disease and more pertinently, the set up of global temper change (Bradford et al 2006) Hillebrand (2004) identified that this subject has real great attention but the majority of studies have concentrated on only one or a small number of organisms. An simulation of this being Krebs (1985) who examined snake and ant species throughout America. In the past 30 age there have been many different theories that attempt to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient, from further reading into each individual possibleness it became apparent that no individual theory is entirely self supporting, or else a combination of each is perhaps the scoop out way to analyze and answer the question of what is the driving factor behind the latitudinal diversity gradient.TheoriesSpecies-EnergyThe species-energy theorem centres on the hypothesis that it is the amount of available energy that governs the potential species richness of the system. Fraser and Currie examined this hypothesis in their 1995 paper The Species Richness-Energy Hypothesis in a outline Where Historical Factors are Thought to Prevail Coral Reefs. They prove that the best environmental predictors of diversity were temperature and biomass and also that there was little supporting take the stand for other hypotheses such as environmental stability. Turner et al (1987) comprise that the diversity of butterflies, measured as the number of species is highly correlated with cheerfulness and temperature during May to September, wi th these two variables accounting for nearly 80% of the variance in diversity.Mid-Domain EffectOriginally proposed by Colwell and Hurtt, (1994) this hypothesis works on the grounding that it is geographical constraints that contribute to species richness. Colwell et al (2004) state that if species ranges are shuffled randomly deep d protest a bounded geographical domain free of environmental gradients, ranges convergence increasingly toward the centre of the domain, creating a middle domain peak of species richness. on that point is still debate over whether or not the Mid Domain Effect is responsible for the latitudinal diversity gradient as data-based support for it is often weak. Zapata et al (2005) stiff Evolutionary TimeEffective evolutionary time hypothesizes that it is evolutionary time and the factors associated with it, such as environmental energy, mutation, generations and selection that are responsible for the diversity gradient. Rhode (1992) clime Harshness and Cl imate StabilityThe Climate Harshness theory speculates that fewer species are found at high latitudes due to their inability to cope with the pressures that the environment places upon them.Climate Stability proposes that the reason for the diversity gradient is due to species specializing into narrower and narrower niches due to steadfast climate conditions, resulting in change magnitude speciation and therefore resulting in temperate areas at high latitude having a low diversity as they encounter more changeable weather reddents throughout the year. Climate stability is even observed in marine environments with strong latitudinal gradients being observed. Kaustuv et al (1999) as well as in terrestrial environments. Lima-Ribeiro et al (2009).Evolutionary RateCardillo et al (2005) argue that the increased diversity observed at lower latitudes is due to high evolutionary rates resulting in increased speciation. Mettelbach et al (2007) found that there was evidence for higher rate s of variegation in the tropics, with studies of latitudinal variation suggesting greater speciation at lower latitudes. The results from these studies extract that there is indeed a link between low latitudes and evolutionary rate resulting in increased speciation.DiscussionSince the 1980s there have been suggestions of new theories and re examinations of others, for example Zapata et al (2005) re examine the mid domain effect and address its criticisms. Each of the individual theories discussed earlier proposes its own explanation for the latitudinal diversity gradient. Some hypotheses are circular and about are founded on insufficient evidence, Rhode (1992). In the past 30 years theories purporting to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient have changed from supporting one viewpoint as the sole cause of the latitudinal diversity gradient to being more inclusive of other hypotheses, the Evolutionary time theory is the most inclusive of other theories as it recognises that no single factor can be the cause of such a complex system.References and belles-lettres Cited1. On-Line Biology Book, L, Latitudinal diversity gradienthttp//mac122.icu.ac.jp/biobk/BioBookglossL.htmlAccessed on 17-08-2010Hawkins, B.A, Diniz-Filho, J.A.F, Jaramillo, C.A., Soeller, S.A., 2006. Post-Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds. daybook of Biogeography.Cardillo, M. Orme, C. D. L., Owens, I.P.F. 2005. Testing for Latitudinal Bias in Diversification Rates An case Using New World Birds. Ecology.Colwell, R.K. Hurtt, G.C 1994. Nonbiological Gradients in Species Richness and a inauthentic Rapoport Effect. The American naturalist, Vol. 144, No. 4 October 1994Colwell, R,K. Rahbeck,C. Gotelli, N,J. 2004 The Mid-Domain Effect and Species Richness Patters What have we in condition(p) so far? Vol. 163. No.3 March 2004Fraser, R.H, Currie, D.J. 1995. The Species Richness-Energy Hypothesis in a dodging Where Historical Factor s are Thought to Prevail Coral Reefs. The American Naturalist Vol.148, No. 1 July 1996Hillebrand, H. 2004. On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient. The American Naturalist, Vol 163, No. 2. 2004.Kaustuv, R., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J. W. 1999. Dissecting Latitudinal Diversity Gradients functional groups and clades of marine bivalves. The Royal troupeKrebs, C.J.1985. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Third edition. HarperRow, New York.Lima-Ribeiro, M., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Barberi, M. 2010. Climate Stability and the Current Patterns of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Richness on the Brazilian Cerrado. tetrad International, Volume 222, Issue 1-2. August 2010Mittelbach, G. G., Schemske, D. W., Cornell, H. V., Allen, A. P., Brown, J. M., Bush, M. B., Harrison, S. P., Hurlbert, A. H., Knowlton, N., Lessios, H. A., McCain, C. M., McCune, A. R., McDade, L. A., McPeek, M. A., Near, T. J., Price, T. D., Ricklefs, R. E., Roy, K., Sax, D. F., Schluter, D., Sobel, J. M. and Turelli, M. 2007. Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology LettersRhode, K. 1992. Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity The search for the primary cause. Oikos. Vol. 65, No. 3. December 1992Turner, J.R.G. Gatehouse, C.M and Corey, C.A. 1987. Does Solar Energy Control total Diversity? Butterflies, Moths and the British Climate. Oikos, Vol. 48. No.2Zapata, F.A., Gaston, K. J., Chown, S. L. 2005 The Mid-Domain Effect Revisited. The American Naturalist, Vol. 166, No. 5 November 2005.

Death of a Salesman Analysis

Death of a Sales homosexual AnalysisThe End OF American DreamDeath of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, tells the story of Willy Loman, a salesman who reflects on the frustrations and failures of his life, which are due to his beliefs in the American dream and the experience. The general idea behind the American Dream is that bulk are capable of succeeding. Success requires one to work hard and to be dedicated to both their professional and family lives. People often misconstrue the theory behind the dream in thinking that wealth defines success. failing to recognise the wideness of hard work in achieving the American Dream is another(prenominal) aspect of this misconception. Willys quest for the American Dream fifty-fiftytually break offs in failure, as he is one who has continuously been chasing the illusion, as opposed to the naive realism of it. His perfectionist lieu toward his dream, his obsession with success, and his constant reminiscence to the old that contribute t o his defeat in the balance.By ignoring the present, Willy fails to deal with reality. He has a tendency of living in the one-time(prenominal) and thinking of the future. He always thinks that if he had done something otherwise than this could keep up happened, or things impart get better as succession passes. His habit of distorting the past, never allows Willy to realize what is going on right whence and there in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off down store lane, he says to Biff and Happy, America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they do me, boys the finest people therell be open sesame for all of us, case one thing boys I have friends. I can park my railroad car in any street and the cops protect it like their own. Willy makes this distortion of the past in order to make he believe that he has chance upond the American Dream. At times when doing this was not possible, Willy looks to the future and thinks he can keep mum achieve it then. For instance, he has this dream of having a big, spectacular funeral. In the end when Willy dies, at his funeral, Linda says, Why didnt anybody come Where are all the people he knew? . All his life, he holds on to this fantasy, but he never faces the reality of how he could have make it come true. It is his vision of the people of the past that overtake Willy to follow a particular path, leading to his demise in the end.By disregarding the present, Willy fails to manage reality. He has an inclination of living in the past and thinking of the future. He generally believes that in the event that he had accomplished something uniquely in contrast to this could have happened, or things will show signs of improvement over the long haul. His propensity for twisting the past, never permits Willy to acknowledge what is going on at that moment in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off through a world of fond memories, he says to Biff and Happy, America is loaded with wonder ful towns and fine, upstanding individuals. Whats more, they know me, new-fangled men the finest individuals therell be open sesame for every one of us, cause one thing young men I have companions. I can stop my auto in any road and the cops insure it like their own. Willy makes this bending of the past keeping in mind the end goal to make he trust that he has accomplished the American Dream. Now and again while doing this was impractical, Willy looks to the future and supposes he can even now accomplish it then. For example, he has this fantasy of having a major, fantastic entombment service. At last when Willy bites the dust, at his memorial service, Linda says, Why didnt anyone come Where are every one of the general population he knew? . All his life, he clutches this dream, however he never confronts the truth of how he could have made it work verboten. It is his vision of the general population of the past that lead Willy to take after a specific way, prompting to his dest ruction at last.The success attained by Willys role models, Dave Singleman, and Ben, is what he envisions to be the American Dream. He only visualizes the end product, being successful, and not the process they whitethorn have gone through to achieve that success. Willys father sold flutes and made that his living. In an encounter with his thoughts of the past, Willy listens to Ben, his brother, who refers to Dave Singleman by saying, Great Inventor, Father. With one gadget he made more in a week than a man like you could make in a lifetime. Willy assumes that by being a salesman, like Dave Singleman is that he will automatically be guaranteed success, and that it was not something that he would have to work for. Material success, such as money, luxury, and wealth, and popularity are his goals and his interpretation of success. On the other hand, self-fulfilment and happiness through hard work is not. By only focusing on the outer port of the American Dream, Willy ignores the real ity of the hard work and dedication required to obtain it. His constant preoccupancy with being successful, being well-liked, and attaining that Dream with the perfect job, the perfect family, and the perfect life, never leaves his mind.The unattainable part of Willys notion of the American Dream is perfection. This illusion shadows Willy as it takes him through his life. He has this set picture in his mind of how everything should be a good job, a high paying salary, a wonderful family with smart kids and a perfect housewife, being well-liked, being happy, and having no problems at all. Because Willy has this perception of how life should be, any entity that does not fit his viewpoint turns out as this huge ordeal. This obsession of perfection is a reason for why, in reality, he did not have a happy family. By act to make his family fit the image of the American Dream, he actually caused their unhappiness. Failing at this sample of perfecting his family is just one example of Wi llys many mistakes. referable to the fact that he is a so-called perfectionist, accomplishment is never discernable to Willy. Once he reaches any goal, he never sees the good in it instead he only sees what he could have done better. nonpareil is just a figment of the imagination, an elusive illusion, just as the American Dream is in Willys mind.Willy Loman portrays a common man, who lives a life that is rigorously an illusion. Although Willy has good intentions, his tragic flaw is that he focuses only on the appearance of the American Dream and never on the reality, the work ethic, or how to achieve it. Willy brings about his own downfall, his defeat, because he tries to pursue this superficial idea. Miller includes this writing of the American Dream in his social criticism in an attempt to portray the deviation in the values of baseball club. For instance, materialism and technological advances, causes the American Dream to change as times changes. The salesman is a position that has declining importance at the time. He shows that an individuals values are based on what society has established. Yet, as society changes, the values one has may not, causing engagement between the society and the individual

Carbon Mesoporous Material Hybrid Catalyst

Carbon Mesoporous Material interbreeding gunFacile and clean trans brass for synthesizing secondary aryl amines through unitary-pot subtr busy amination of aniline, use aldehyde catalyzed by the supported atomic number 28 n angiotensin-converting enzyme and poly(vinyl sulfonic acidulated) on mesoporous light speed CMK-3 (Ni/PVSA/CMK-3) as a novel acid-metal bi-functional heterogeneous particle accelerator. Sodium borohydride was used as the ancestry of hydrogen for the reducing of imine. The reply was performed at means temperature, in a short answer cadence, with out(a) any by-products. Various characterization techniques including FT-IR, XRD, TG, take on, SEM, TEM, DRS-UV and AAS were employed to utter the relationship surrounded by atom smasher personality and catalytic performance. Reaction results confront that the optimized Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 throttle valve shows comparable catalytic performance thanks to the atomic number 28 metals and the acidic nature of p olymer in mesopore channels of CMK-3. This method has some(prenominal) advantages much(prenominal) as, eco- prosperous (used urine as result), mode account to exalted yields, simple work-up procedure and accelerator filtered easily and reused without obvious loss of activity.1. IntroductionNowadays, amines be privileged in industry that absorb anchor prevalent applications as inter negociates for pharmaceuticals, biologically ready compounds, rubber, resolvings, fine chemicals, dyes, herbicides, and in the manufacture of detergents and plastics. Reductive amination demonstrate one of the nigh versatile and convenient methods of amine synthesis. This reply has ii steps including formation of an imine during chemical reply between primary amine and a ampere-secondyl substrate, and reduction of the imine with adequate hydride source. There be two detached approaches for the subtractive amination the cipher approach, which uses the in situ-generated imine, and the i ndirect approach, which uses the prior isolated imine. The former approach has several advantages such as one-pot procedure, attach yields, having simple setup, easily separated from the product, organism stable and compatible reagents, and the mild reaction conditions.To this end, everyplace the past decades, researchers rich person been reported several studies on subtractive amination reaction with several contrary catalysts, which among them, heterogeneous catalysis atomic number 18 prominent than homogenous catalysis owe to separate and recover capabilities. Moreover, it has been be that accomplish this reaction needs two character including metallic and acidic consequently, bi-functional heterogeneous catalysts be useful in this reaction.Recently, several metal nanoparticles acted as a hydride agitate such as Pt, Ni, Cu, and Pd. Despite of the fact that an heartive control of particle size and a uniform distribution of nanoparticles in catalytic applications ar ge nerally predicted, nanoparticles typically accumulate together in bulk-like satisfyings that hardly reduce selectivity and the activity of catalysts. To pass over with this problem, mesoporous silica, zeolites, polymers or macromolecular perfect ligands give up been used in rig to immobilize metal nanoparticles in their pores. Mesoporous silica materials and zeolites have excellent allege and clear welkin than former(a) materials like polymer and etc. subsequently, they are commensurate for catalysis approaches.Lately, mesoporous silica used for producing mesoporous carbon (CMK-n) as hard template. These materials watch several benefits compared to mesoporous silica and zeolites for instance, noble mechanical stableness, high thermal stability in newton atmosphere, superb stability in strong acids and bases, and otherwise engrossing properties such as narrow pore size distributions, high out-of-doors areas, and social clubed frameworks. In plus, mesoporous carbon ma terials have hy upchuckhobic nature on their surfaces and it helps to embed nanopolymers in their pores.In our previous studies, it asserts that when polymer embedded into mesoporous materials, they have perfect function. Owing to the fact that they have smaller particles and subsequently having high surface areas. Moreover, polymer nanoparticles fix in porous and they could not leach from their supporters. gibely, in this work, we go forth introduce a novel heterogeneous organic interbreeding catalyst based on a carbon mesoporous material. In this circumstance, mesoporous carbon CMK-3 replicating from mesoporous silica SBA-15 was nimble and used as suitable support for plate nanoparticle/poly vinyl sulfonic acid/CMK-3 (Ni/PVSA/CMK-3). Furthermore, the catalyst was used effectively for the one-pot reductive amination of amine compounds employ aldehyde in the forepart of a small touchstone of NaBH4 as a mild reducing agent and two sort of solvent containing peeing and aceto nitrile at room temperature without any by-products.2. Experimental method2.1. Catalyst characterizationThe samples have been analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy ( apply a PerkinElmer 65 in KBr matrix in the part of 4000-400 cm-1). The thermal gravimetric abstract (TGA) data were obtained by a Setaram Labsys TG (STA) in a temperature range of 30-650 -C and heating system rate 10 -C min-1 in nitrogen atmosphere. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) of the catalyst was carried out on a Bruker D8Advance X-ray diffractometer using nickel filtered Cu K radiation at 40 kV and 20 mA. The BET specialised surface areas and BJH pore size distribution of the samples were determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature, using a serial publication BEL SORP 18. For the measurement of nickel, a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic density spectrophotometer was used. The nick width, linear range and wave length for Ni were 0.2 nm, 2 and ppm232 nm, respectively. s give the sack electron microscope (SEM) studies were performed on Philips, XL30, SE detector. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations were performed on a JEOL JEM.2011 electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 200.00 kV using EX24093JGT detector in order to obtain information on the size of nickel nanoparticles and the DRS UV-vis spectra were save with JASCO spectrometer, V-670 from 190 to 2700 nm. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) was recorded on ESCA SSX-100 (Shimadzu) using a non-monochromatized Mg K X-ray as the excitation source. The products were characterized by 1H proton magnetic resonance and 13C NMR spectra (Bruker DRX-500 Avance spectrometer at 500.13 and 125.47 MHz, respectively). Melting points were measured on an Electrothermal 9100 apparatus and they were uncorrected. all the products were known compounds and they were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All melt points are compared satisfactorily with those reported in the literature.2 .2. Catalyst preparationThe employed mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) was synthesized pursuit the method reported by Ryoo using SBA-15 as template.2.2.1. Preparation of SBA-15Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared using block copolymer Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) template as a social organisation directing agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor through the addition of H3PO4 by novel method as described in the literature. In a general synthesis, Pluronic P123 (2 g) was dissolved at room temperature in deionized water (75.4 mL) and H3PO4 (4.2 mL, 85%), after(prenominal) that TEOS (4.6 mL) was added to the solution and synthesis was fulfilled by stir at 35 -C for 24 h in sealed polytetrafluoroethylene breakers, and it was consequently move at 100 -C for 24 h. subsequentlywards, the solution was filtered, process with deionized water, and lastly dry at 95 -C for 12 h in air. Template removal was accomplished by calcination in air using two successive steps fir st heating at 250 -C for 3 h and then at 550 -C for 4 h.2.2.2. Preparation of CMK-3Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was prepared using mesoporous silica SBA-15 as template and saccharose as the carbon precursor. 1.0 g SBA-15 was added to 5 mL sedimentary solution containing 1.25 g (3.65 mmol) sucrose and 0.14 g (1.42 mmol) of H2SO4 (98%). The resulting mixture was modify in an oven at 100 -C for 6 h and next 160 -C for another 6 h. In order to obtain entirely polymerized sucrose inside(a) the pores of the SBA-15 template, 5 mL aqueous solution containing 0.8 g (2.33 mmol) sucrose and 0.09 g (0.917 mmol) of H2SO4 were added again, and the mixture was subjected to the thermal discourse described high up one more time. Then, it was carbonized under nitrogen spoil flow at 900 -C for 6 h with a heating rate of 5 -C min-1. Finally, the resulting solid was washed with 1 M NaOH solution (50 vol. % ethanol-50 vol. % H2O) twice to remove the silica template, filtered, washed with ethanol until pH = 7, and dried at 100 -C for 4 h.2.2.3. Preparation of Poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/CMK-32.2.4. Preparation of Ni nanoparticle-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/CMK-3At first, Vinylsulfonic acid sodium was converted into its acidic form using the ion exchange resin (Amberjet 1200 H, 2 equiv. L-1, Aldrich). Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 was synthesized as follows in the first place, 1 mL aqueous solution of NiCl2.6H2O (0.5 M) was added to the obtained PVSA/CMK-3 (0.1 g) together with 3 mL of H2O. The mixture was heated for 5 h at 353 K. Next, the solution of NaBH4 0.057 g (1.5 mmol) dissolved in 5 mL methanol was added to the mixture drop by drop in 20-30 min. Then, the solution was stirred for 3 h. aft(prenominal) that, adding the same tot up of NaBH4 was repeated and again the mixture was stirred for 3 h. Consequently, the solution was filtered and washed sequentially with deionized water and methanol to remove excess NaBH4 and NiCl2, and was dried in room temperature to yield Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. The Ni sa tisfy of the catalyst was estimated by decomposing. Known criterion of the catalyst by perchloric acid, nitric acid, fluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and the Ni content was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer. The Ni content of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer was 2.1 mmol g1.2.3. General procedure for one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes.A mixture of Aniline (2 mmol) and benzaldehyde (2 mmol) in water or acetonitrile (3 mL) was placed in a round bottom flask and stirred for 1 min at room temperature. Afterward, to the resulting mixture, Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 (0.04 g) and NaBH4 (6 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until TLC showed the complete disappearance of the benzaldehyde. Then, the reaction mixture was satisfy with water (10 mL) and the product was extracted with diethylether (2 10 mL). After they finished, the organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. In the end, the products were o btained very pure just by extract with diethylether in the majority of the reactions. The product was identified with a melting point, FT-IR spectroscopy techniques, 1HNMR and 13CNMR.3. Results and discussion3.1. Catalyst characterizationFigure 1 shows the FTIR spectra of CMK-3 (a), PVSA/CMK-3 (b) and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 (c). A broad band at about 3380-3470 cm1 was observed in all samples. The O-H stretching vibration of the adsorbed water molecules in general nonplusd it. Moreover, in the CMK-3 spectrum, there are not any signals belong to organic bonds, resulting from the complete carbonization of sucrose (Fig. 1a). The presence of a new absorption bands at 1041 and 1186 cm-1 attributed to the S=O group of PVS, affirming the existence of the grafted PVSA chains on the CMk-3. In addition, the band at about 1650 cm-1 is attributed to adsorbed water, which is similar to related reports. The presence of billhooks at around 2940 cm1 and 1450 cm1 represent to the aliphatic C-H stretching and bending in PVSA/CMK-3, respectively (Fig. 2b). The appearance of the above bands shows that PVSA has been attached into mesoporous of CMK-3 and the synthesis of PVSA/CMK-3 has been successful.The profiles of thermogravimetric abridgment of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 under nitrogen atmosphere are shown in Fig. 2. The degradation of Poly(vinyl-sulfonic acid) commences at 150C and this stage continues to a belittled less than 300C. The next stage involves only a little degradation and occurs over the temperature range of 300 to 500C. These evidence are shown Poly(vinyl-sulfonic acid) cannot bountiful the temperature repayable to polymers are not protect by any supporter. The TGA curves of PVSA/CMK-3 shows a small mass loss (around 5%, w/w) in the temperature range of 100-330 -C, which is apparently associated with degradation of SO2 and ethylene from PVSA (Fig. 2). At temperatures above 330 -C, PVSA shows one briny stage of degradation. The mass loss for PVSA in the second s tep is lucifer to 11.5% (w/w) which correspond to the degradation of the methane. In light of the difference between the PVSA and PVSA/CMK-3 curves, it is hap that PVSA/CMK-3 has higher thermal stability and long-play degradation rate than PVSAP. Hence, after hybridization, the thermal stability is enhanced significantly that is beneficial for the catalyst application. In addition, Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows two separate weight loss steps that are almost similar to the PVSA/CMK-3. The only difference is temperature between 330 and 445 C, which Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows slower degradation rate than PVSA/CMK-3 in these range. It asserts that the hybrid Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 had higher thermal stability than PVSA/CMK-3. It may be related to the presence of Nickel nanoparticles in the composite organize. Consequently, it is proper thermal stability is boosted after hybridization because of needlelike the catalyst application.Figure 1 shows the powder XRD patterns of SBA-15, CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVS A/CMK-3. The low wobble diffraction pattern of SBA-15 shows three reflections at 2 values from 0.5 to 2 including one strong peak at (100) and two weak peaks at (110) and (200), which corresponds to the advantageously-known(a) request arrangement of SBA-15 in the space group p6mm of 2-D hexagonal symmetry. The silica SBA-15 used as template to synthesis CMK-3. As can be seen, the XRD pattern of CMK-3 show three diffraction peaks at 2 = 1.04, 1.79 and 2.05 (Fig. 3b). It could be tag to (100), (110) and (200) diffractions of the 2D hexagonal space group p6mm, which is compatible with previous articles.After polymerisation by poly (vinyl sulfonic acid), the X-ray diffraction of PVSA/CMK-3 shows the same pattern with CMK-3. This evidence indicates that the grammatical construction of the CMK-3 was retained after the polymerization (Fig. 3c). Albeit, the intensity of the characteristic reflection peaks of the PVSA/CMK-3 is found to be diminished (Fig. 1b). Composite contains less CMK-3 due to the dilution of the carbon material by PVSA subsequently, this dilution can be responsible for a decrease in the peak intensity. By the way, the XRD patterns of CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3 are almost similar to SBA-15, which it shows CMK-3 is a precise replica of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 and the polymerization process does not damage the structure of CMK-3. After immobilize nickel in the PVSA/CMK-3, Ni peak cannot be seen in XRD since the homogeneity of Ni particles in the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3, and it lonely shows an unformed pattern at 2 values of about 44 (Fig. 3, inside). In order to demonstrate the existence of Ni nanoparticles in the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 catalyst was exposed to temperature (400C). Meanwhile, amorphous Ni changed to crystalline and appear a peak with low intensity at 2 = 44.29, which can be attributed to the small size of nickel nanoparticles and the plane (111) of fcc nickel. Eventually, after immobilize the nickel nanoparticles on composite, structure has not cha nged and it is represented a successful synthesis of the catalyst.The specific surface area, pore volume and the pore size of the CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 samples are summarized in Table 1. All samples exhibit a type IV adsorption isotherm with an H1 hysteresis loop by capillary condensation at recounting pressure around 0.3-0.7 (Fig. 4). It is clear in table 1 that the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 exhibits a smaller specific surface area, and pore volume in relation to those of pure CMK-3. Thanks to the successful incorporation of the poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) into the mesoporous carbon. As can be seen, pore diameter increases in the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in comparison to CMK-3. This evidence shows the incorporation and growth of hyperbranched polymers and consequently produces the pressure (physical pressure on the wall of the channels) inside the CMK-3 mesoporous. By adding Ni nanoparticles into the PVSA/CMK-3, the specific surface area and pore volume decreas e, asserting that nickel nanoparticles are located inside the pores of the CMK-3. In spite of the fact that there are significant decreases in the pore volume and surface area, the pores of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 were not blocked by deposition of the hyperbranched homopolymer and nickel nanoparticles. Moreover, the BJH pore size distribution curves of the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 are exhibited a narrow pore size distribution (Fig. 5). It clarifies that the homopolymer and nickel nanoparticles are satisfactory distributed on the channels of the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. This result is agreement with TEM analysis and shows the effective role of the hyperbranched polymer to entrap and uniformly disperse nickel nanoparticles., , Fig. 6 gave the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. All the SEM images are shown rod-like morphology, which is attributed to carbon mesoporous. Although, about no significant differences observe in surface morphology betwee n CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3, it is obvious that after hybridization the surface of CMK-3 is become coarser indicating the most of polymerization of PVSA occurred in the pores of CMK-3, which was also supported by the decrease in surface area and pore volume as shown in Table 1. In addition, by immobilizing Ni nanoparticles, several spherical beads are seen on the mesoporous carbon. However, most of them are incorporated inside the carbon mesoporous structure, which is not observable in the SEM images. It is necessary to mention that after loading nickel nanoparticles on the surface of CMK-3, the structure of the mesoporous carbon is remained. Moreover, XRD analysis and TEM images confirmed this claim.The PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 were inspected by means of TEM micrographs technique (Fig. 7). The ordered hexagonal p6mm mesostructure of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK- 3 can be seen, indicating after polymerization and incorporation of PVSA and Ni nanoparticles, the ordered structure of mes oporous carbon is retained. Additionally, the places with rancider contrast could be assigned to the presence of Pd particles with different distribution (Fig. 7c-d). As can be seen, the small dark spots could be ascribed to nickel nanoparticles with X nm average diameter, presumably located into the mesoporous channels. On the other hand, larger dark spots are shown in fig. 7 c-d, which are corresponded to Ni nanoparticles agglomerate on the external surface with average diameter of 5-10 nm.Fig. 8 shows the DRS-UV of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. previous reports were proven that DRS-UV of the cationic nickel have only d-d transitions peaks including 3T1g(P)3A2g (F) (368 nm) and 3T1g (F)3A2g (F) (576 nm), which these two peak do not show in Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. Moreover, the DRS-UV of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows bear bands around 205 nm and 330 nm, which are attributed to the presence of Ni nanoparticles in these samples. By analyze these data, it can be found that cationic nickels are conve rted to the nickel nanoparticles by reduction of NaBH4.3.2. Catalytic activitySynthesized nanocomposite was characterized by different methods in the former section. This section is introduced the application of this bi-functional catalyst to the reductive amination reaction. During two decade, vast investigating devoted to develop environmental friendly synthesis. Since, using water as a reaction medium in transition metal-catalyzed processes is one of the most essential goal of sustainable chemistry. Water is nontoxic solvent, readily available, an inexpensive, nontoxic solvent and non-inflammable. It provides privilege over organic solvents from an environmental and an sparing aspect. Accordingly, the effect of several parameters on the one-pot tandem reductive amination of aldehydes with aniline over Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 as acid-metal bifunctional catalyst was perused in water at room temperature and the outcome are as followsAt the first monitoring of experiments, divers(a) amoun ts of NiCl2.6H2O were tested to spot the effect of nickel nanoparticles concentration on the reductive amination reaction. Hence, the amount of NiCl2.6H2O to prepare Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 was changed from 1 mmol/g to 15 mmol/g and then measured by the Atomic Absorption spectroscopy technique (AAS) which are shown in Table 2. It is clear that the activity of catalytic steadily improved by increasing NiCl2.6H2O form 1 mmol/g to 5 mmol/g. According to the catalytic reaction mechanism, nickel nanoparticle mediated electron transfer from BH4- ion to the imine intermediates (Scheme 1). Subsequently, the amounts of H- sites on the catalyst surface are grown by increasing nickel nanoparticles. Thus, larger amount of hydrides can be transferred to the imine groups through the catalyst. On the other hand, by moreover increasing the amount of NiCl2.6H2O (more than 5 mmol/g), the catalytic activity was diminished, which can be attributed to after a certain amount of nickel chloride increases, a larg er amount of nanoparticles is loaded on the surface of the CMK-3 that may have caused the mesopore channels to narrow. In Fact, the nanoparticle size will increase by increasing the amount of NiCl2.6H2O. Therefore, in some places, the pore size will narrow and it is able to lessen the rate of reactants diffusion into the porous. In one word, lower performance of the catalyst produced with higher NiCl2.6H2O concentration will be anticipated. Despite of this fact, it does not mean the pores are throughout clogged. According to these results, the catalyst provided by 5 mmol/g NiCl2.6H2O presented the best catalytic activity.To identify the effect of NaBH4 amount (as a hydride donor) on the reductive amination the reaction was carried out using various amounts of NaBH4 in the presence of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 as catalyst. As shown in Table 3, the yield was increased by increasing the amount of NaBH4 (until 6 mmol). The excess values did not have any effect on the reaction. Therefore, 6 mmol NaB H4 was the best value to perform reductive amination reaction.The persuade of the solvent on catalytic activity was investigated in the reductive amination reaction using Ni-PVSA/CMK-3 catalyst and NaBH4 as hydride donor, at room temperature. The results are self-contained in Table 4. Four vital factor acts to fulfil reductive amination reaction including insulator constant, dipole moment, solubility in NaBH4, hydrophobic effect, protic and aprotic solvent effect.The results revealed that the reaction time in ethanol solvent is slow due to NaBH4 hardly solving in ethanol and the reaction rate is tardy. In addition, the reaction rate in water solvent is slow because although dielectric constant and solubility of water in NaBH4 is high, carbon mesoporous CMK-3 have hydrophobic nature. It causes substances and catalyst cannot have perfect interaction together. The hydrophobic nature of acetonitrile and oxolane are higher than other solvent that presented above thus, these two solven t have more similarity to hydrophobic nature of CMK-3. Moreover, dipole moment of acetonitrile is higher than other solvent. Thanks to this feature, the reaction rate increase. Whereas the methanol solvent has mediate circumstance of dielectric constant, solubility in NaBH4, and hydrophobic effect aspect, the reaction time diminish. It is noteworthy to mention that the combination of all these factors together cause this process. Regarding these situation, water and acetonitrile were finally selected as the solvent for the reaction because of their environmental friendly and highly efficient, respectively and all other optimization and reaction distributively accomplished by these two solvent.The effect of the amount of catalyst was specify for reductive amination reaction (Table 5). Due to the fact, the catalyst synthesized is worthy, it is decided that the amount of catalyst optimize by decreasing down to the 0.04 g, nevertheless the reaction time were increased. However, reduci ng the amount of catalysts until 0.02 g was not sufficient. Since, the quantity of 0.04 g for both solvent was found to be the best weight of catalyst.The reusability of the catalyst was analyze by using Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in water and acetonitrile solvent (Chart 1). After each cycle, the catalyst was filtered off, washed with water (10 mL) and ethanol (3 mL 5 mL). After that, catalyst dried at 60 C and reused in the reductive amination reaction with a fresh reaction substances. It might be noted that after each run, a slight amount of the catalysts were disordered in the filtration process. Herein, to overcome this problem, after each experiment the amount of stay catalyst was specified and the molar ratio of the reactants was adjusted according to the rest amount of the catalyst. The catalyst was reused up to 5 times. The catalyst that react in acetonitrile solvent have serious loss activity. In further investigation, it recognized that the catalyst used in acetonitrile solvent was somewhat destroyed. It can be attributed to the interaction between acetonitrile as a solvent and PVSA/CMK-3 composite. In other cases, not only the reusability of the catalyst that performed in water was adequate, but also the catalyst exhibit high stability in this status. This result obtained by SEM and XRD characterization, which can be seen in Figure 9 and 10. As shown in SEM images of reused catalyst in water as reaction solvent is well retained, which is very essential for the catalyst applications. Similarly, the XRD pattern shows a diffraction peak at low angle (1.04). It display that the catalyst structure remain. Because of this fact that the reusability in the heterogeneous catalysts is fundamental, water in reductive amination reaction chosen as a compatible solvent.The catalytic activity of the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in the reductive amination was compared with CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3, and without a catalyst. The results are available in Table 6. The consequences affirm the importe e role of the acid-metal heterogeneous catalyst in sort of reaction. As shown, the reaction dose not fulfil up to 5% without catalyst. There is the serious issue that NaBH4 function as a mild hydride donor agent, which is unequal to(p) reagent for reducing imine groups solely. In a similar manner, this result obtained by using CMK-3 due to the fact that mesoporous carbon CMK-3 does not have any active sites to carry out the reaction. By using the PVSA/CMK-3, with improve acidic feature of the mesoporous carbon the carbonyl group activated and thus the yield clean increased to 40% and 35% in acetonitrile and water solvent, respectively. In addition, using Ni/PVSA/CMK-3, the reaction efficiency was increased to 97% in 35 and 63 min in acetonitrile and water solvent, respectively Because of the role of nickel nanoparticles as species to transfer hydride ions from NaBH4 to imine groups.The interesting point in catalyst investigation is heterogeneous nature. In this regard, the cataly st was separated from the reaction mixture at approximately 50% conversion of the starting substances by filtration and then centrifugation. The reaction progress in the filtrate circumstance was monitored (data not shown). No further reductive amination reaction occurred even at addition times, representing that the nature of reaction process is heterogeneous and there is not any progress for the reaction in homogeneous phase.

Green Energy Means Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Green susceptibility Means Renewable competency Environmental Sciences EssayGreen qualification means renewable heftiness that is vast alternative for the use of fogey dis quads such(prenominal)(prenominal) as oil color. other conventional system utilize to submit electrical muscle is such as geo caloric, bio aggregated, ocean, solar, soupcon, hydro, total hop up give the axe electric mobile phones and etc. Biomass strength is derived from the superfluitys and animal dung both by burn it or just leaving the wastes to lay forth by itself to get bio evoke or biogas. naval elan vital is gained from the sea and there ar two pillow slips of them such as thermal competency and robotlike pushing. Hydrogen must(prenominal) go by dint of re bodation serve or electrolysis process to be able to use for the fuel carrels to provide electricity. The accusative of the project is to choose seven exemplarfuls of renewable energies and explain its applica tions and advantages in detail.1. mental homeGreen competency is sustainable muscularity, which means meeting the needs of the bounty without compromising the next2. These alternative brawniness sources ar said to be not deleterious to humans and environment and similarly benon polluting zippo sources. It basically strike downs contamination and the impact on the environment that the alert heartiness source is create now and in the past by conventional nix sources such as fossil fuel, coal and wood. These be non renewable button sources, alike known as the brown powerfulness1. These sources be principal(prenominal)ly employ in the production of electricity, inciteing and fuel for boilers. They make up excessive amount of pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and northward oxides, together with snap officles that could injure humans. These pollutants are the main contributors to the verdancyhouse gases that cause global warning. Brown vigor are also f igures of sources that are ordinarily reducing on our country, which means it could not be re- ca-cad to be utilise in future. The main aim for this study on green power is to literate the reader on what is green brawn and the importance of these postcode to substitute our current conventional cypher resources. These describe is also to identify the main types of green energies controlable for the current engineering science practised in our world today with the history of energy tuition that brought to the practice of green energy.2. Green vitalitySources of green energy arrive from the nature itself, being free to be harvested. They are mainly derived from the sunshine (solar division), land up and pissing. divagate turbines have been used since old generation to bray particles, where the term windmill is derived from. A more expensive source would aim from nuclear and bioenergy (biofuel and biogas).Nuclear part is also categorized in green energy as i t does not incur greenhouse gases. Waste from nuclear business leader places are problematic and dangerous to be handled as it takes hundreds to thousands of long time to decay before reaching the direct that is not harmful to humans, plants and the animals. save in order to completely wipe out the wont of fossil fuels to produce electricity, the number of nuclear plants has to be increased so that greenhouse gases emissions drop be cut down massively.3 sinew from sun, wind and weewee brass are continuous but inconsistent. Rainy days that could affect solar top executive production and droughts that would affect peeing levels in impedes are the main draw gumptions of these energy sources.As renewable energy is sometimes inconsistent, excellent memory board capacity is needed to store energy that are produced. It is usually windier in the night time, but the take in would be less(prenominal)er. Nuclear plants generate so much origin at a particular time that they r ousenot be used at once. So large outpouring banks are mandatory in order to mesh with the electricity scheme and provide a consistent might come out.2.1 History of Energy DevelopmentThe history of energy consumption of human being dates back to 3000 BC where the Mesopotamians used petroleum to caulk ships and to build roads. Coals were used during the Bronze Age to heat up iron and shape them, as well as in the roman type culture. This long history of non-renewable energy usage has urged the emergence of green energy to replace them in order to keep the future generation safe.4cc0 B.C. gross(a) oil was used to light lamps and heat up homes by the Chinese.200 B.C.Salt produced from brine development indispensable gas from underground by Chinese.600 B.C.Static Electricity found by Thales of Miletus by rubbing amber.250 four hundred A.D. head start peeing- placeed Mills built by the Romans600 A.D.Greek Fire was invented by the Persians and Arabs, a form of ardent liquid used greatly in the Byzantine Empire as weapon.500 900 A.DWindmill were built to pump urine and grind atoms by the Persians.Late 1500sCoal was imported greatly by US, up to 108,000 tons until the 1800s.1700sA kite that transmitted electricity by means of its wet cord was found by Ben Franklin. A break by dint of in electricity disc everyplacey.1800-1826US had the first electric public utility company-grade.Mid 1800s-1950Wood as the primary source of fuel, but decreased after the shift back to coal.1870-1880Gas and alcohol apply first combustion engine. First U.S. power plant to produce electricity opened (Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Station)1888First wind turbine generating electricity in Cleveland, Ohio.Early 1900sGeothermal used to produce electricity commercially by the Italians1938Nuclear Fission discovered by the Germans.1940-1950The Atomic Energy Act implementation and the first electricity were produced by using nuclear power.1950sFirst silicon solar cell was invented (solar photovoltaic).1960sNational Environmental Policy Act and sweet argumentation Act in US implementation to protect the environment and reduce pollution.1970sDepartment of Energy (DOE) were organise. pee dodge from power plant was controlled with Clean Water Act in 1972.1974Development of renewable energy was initiated and support by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.1980sFirst wind farm built in the United States.2.2 Giga watts of power produced in California.mid-ninetiesNatural gas was used in al some 50percent of homes in US for heat energy.Towards the Greener SolutionTill 2007, 24 states adopted policies for increasing the production of renewable energy.2.2 Importance of Green EnergyResearch from scientific evidence are showing that what this present generation is doing allow for impact the environment in the next 50 100 years. The fact that just one humans is known by human being urges government and private sectors to go back solutions to reduce pollution and h aving a lifestyle that is more eco-friendly. A some reasons on why green energy is important.Non renewable fossil fuels burning are causing greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides are released into the automated teller, dissolving into raindrops and causing acid rains. Acid rains obstructages crops, plants and forests. aquatic organisms are also affected by this as lakes and rivers pH levels are altered. Human built structures such as steel bridges, marble statues and limestone buildings are being eroded by acid rain.10Figure 3 is a pie chart showing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. by gas type.Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are also supply that is not endless. Sooner or later the supply will vanish and un forthcoming for future generations.Wind, water and solar energy are constant, sustainable and 100 percent clean energy. It does not cause negative impact on environment such as pollutant and waste. This en ergy type is free as well.Humans would benefits in health as reduced pollutants would provide cleaner and more breathable course. Lands would be saved as waste management is not necessary. Cleaner water for interior(prenominal) usage and aquatic organism a would be available.Jobs opportunity would arise in rural areas as most renewable energy plants are hardened far from cities. Regional development also would benefit from this.893. Types of Green Energy3.1 BiomassBiomass is derived from farm wastes, animal wastes, plant oils, crops and some kind of garbage 11. Energy that is generated from the wastes is called bio power or bioenergy 11. Biomass tail assembly be processed further to throw biofuels or burned flat to obtain bioenergy11. The energy obtained from burning the wastes buns be shifted into heat, electricity and automatic energy 1.3.1.1 Types of biofuelsSolid form its obtained from the burning of organic visible such as animal wastes, wood, grain and other types o f garbages 11.Liquid form- its obtained straight from the plant and does not involves any burning of material 1. Biodiesel jakes be taken as an example for this type of form. It is extracted from vegetable oils or animal fats 11.Gas form its obtained from organic waste such as dead plant and animal wastes when the organic material breakdown naturally without the need of oxygen 12. Biogases consist of methane that is essential in terms of natural gas 12.3.1.2 occupation of biomassWidely used in transportation in the form of gasesElectricity generation plantsGas produced from the biomass gasifier must be cleaned first before cooling it down and use it as a fuel to run an IC engine that is coupled together with the rootage 13.Heat applicationBiomass is used as a fuel to provide energy for the fuel-fired furnace that is often used for high end outputs such as13 Forging furnaceOvensKilnsDryersSmall boilersDirect fire process heaterRe-rolling mills3.1.3 Benefits of biomass energyBioga ses that are used as fuels gives more mileage for cheaper set compared to fossil fuelsEnergy from biomass has got no ending to it since human throw wastes in daily basis and animals also constantly produce muckEnergy gained from burning the wastes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide that is released from the burning is useful for the plants in terms of photosynthesis process.Each country has their wastes in terms of plants, animals dung and garbages, these materials is available locally. This can reduce the need for foreign investors in the country and so improve the nation economically as wellBiomass in mass production can reduce the increase in global temperature significantly.3.2 Ocean energyOcean energy is gained from the sea. there are two types of energy gained from the ocean such as thermal energy and mechanical energy 15. Thermal energy is gained by the difference in temperature surrounded by the warm surface of the ocean and the deep cold ocean water 15. robotic energy is gained from tidal and wave that is used to rotate the turbine to provide electricity in most of the power plants available 15.3.2.1 Types of energy gained3.2.2 Thermal energyThe difference between the temperatures should be around 38 Degree Fahrenheit(postnominal) in order to build a power plant that can fully utilize this temperature difference to make energy 16. There are 3 types of cycles involved in electricity renewal system from the heat energy such asClosed cycle The heat at the surface of the ocean water is used to vaporize an ammonia type of fluid which has low boiling point and the vapor expands to turn the turbine to produce electricity 15.Open cycle The sea water in this case is kept at low force in order to agitate it to boil at low temperature and the steam produced from the sea water is hence used to rotate the turbine to activate the generator to produce electricity15.Hybrid The combining of both open and closed cycles is use d to rotate the turbine in a most economical way 153.2.3 Mechanical energyTidal energy its gained as the humans rotates and the gravitational pull of the moon. The principle of tidal energy is when the tides is at high point the water is trapped in the dam and as the tides began to reach the low point, the trapped water is released to rotate the turbine at high speed to generate electricity15. The concept is similar to hydroelectric power plants 6.Wave energy Existing energising energy from the movement of the waves is used to power up the turbine 15. The concept is simple that the waves from the ocean comes into the chamber from the right, as the rise of the waves will force the railway line to release from the chamber and the released air is the one that will rotate the turbine to provide electricity as shown in the figure 1 down the stairs16. The higher(prenominal) the waves, higher are the rotation of the turbine.http//www.energyquest.ca.gov/story_old/images/chap14_wave_20 07.gifApplication of wave energy 163.3 Hydrogen and fuel cells energyHydrogen better(p) identified as the simplest component 18. One proton and one electron are the sub elements at bottom an atom of henry 18. It has a limitation is that it doesnt get on by its own in the earth. Hydrogen atom always combine together with other elements such as water 1718. The molecular lean of hydrogen is 1kmol and the lightest weigh among all the other natural components available in earth. Hydrogen can be furcated from hydrocarbon by heating process and this is called reformation process 18. Electric current also used to separate hydrogen from water and the separation process is called electrolysis 18.Fuel cells function is to vary hydrogen to electricity directly without any other processes in between 18. Reformation of methanol, gasoline and natural gas can provide hydrogen for the usage of fuel cells 18. Methanol can be used directly for some fuel cells without any reformation process 18 .3.3.1 Applications of hydrogen and fuel cellsNASA used liquid nitrogen as a fuel for the spot shuttles and other rockets. Liquid nitrogen does not emit any harmful material after the combustion 18. The product of the conversion by hydrogen fuel cells is pure water that is used as drinking water by the astronauts 18.Hydrogen powered vehicles is among the growing applications of energy since hydrogen fuel cells capable of providing power for buses21. Fuel cells also can provide electricity for a residential housing area that is big as a traditional AC unit 21. It can operate 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.3.3.2 Advantages of fuel cellsEfficient conversion of energy from hydrogen to electricity without any combustion taking place and the byproduct is water1920The noise level created from an operation of a fuel cell relatively much more quiet than the conventional motors20Easier maintenance since less moving parts20Life span is longer than a battery since it has no memory effect whe n its refueled10The source for fuel cells are hydrogen and it is available with water20Can reduce the nations usage of fossil fuels since fossil fuels come at higher price than hydrogen that is naturally available in the earth 20.3.4 Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is a form of thermal energy stored by generation of heat from radioactive decay of minerals occurring inside the earth (80 percent) and from the original formation of the planet (20 percent).6 Due to the temperature differences between the earth core and surface, continuous heat transfer occurs from the core to surface. Radioactive decaying of natural materials such as uranium and potassium that occurs at the core creates a temperature reaching over 5000 horizontal surface Celsius and very high impel.7 This high temperature and pressure causes melting of surrounding cooler rocks and these results in the formation of magma. This magma then heats up the rocks and water in the crust which can go up tp 370 degree Celsius .6 In the range of 10kilometers of earth surface contains heat energy that is 50000 times more than all the oil and natural gas sources in the world.7 The typical place that usually spots geothermal activities is regions with active volcanic activities. This usually occurs at places where the earth crust is thin enough to let the heat out. Earthquake and magma movements breaks up the rocks covering and allows water to circulate, producing natural hot springs and geysers as the heated up water reaches the surface. As these hot and pressured water forms a reservoir type of containment underground, wells are usually constructed to harvest electricity or heat.3.4.1 ApplicationsSteam produced from the reservoir containing pressured and hot water are usually used to power turbines in power plants that generates electricity (Steam Turbine), while other power plants uses the hot water in the reservoir to boil a courseing fluid that vaporizes and moves a turbine. Heat produced by hot water near to the earth surface can be directly used for heating purpose. The applications that utilizes these direct heat includes heating buildings and homes purpose, growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water at fish farms, and also in pasteurizing milk processes at milk industries. This is done by using geothermal heat pumps. There is also formation of hot dry rocks, usually 4-10kilometers from earth surface. Technologies is existing to inject cold water onto these hot dry rocks, circulating them through the cracks of the rocks and drawing back the heat from another well located at the end of the water circuit.5http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/131_geothermal_energy.gifWater pumped down through injection well and collected at production well.http//www.ucsusa.org/assets/images/ce/geopower3.gifHow geothermal heat used to power turbines.3.5 HydropowerHydro means water, so hydropower basically is the power that derived from the force of moving water a nd generates electricity at damn by water falling throughout the turbines. 22 The fall of water and movement is part of a constant ordinary cycle known as water cycle. Water in the earths ocean and rivers evaporates by energy from the sun and draws it commanding as water vapour. in one case the water vapour reached the cooler air in atmosphere, it automatically abbreviates and forms as clouds. 23 Hence, the moisture fall to earth as rain and fill the water in oceans and rivers. The moving of water from higher ground to the lower ground with the gravitational force and it drives the water super powerful to assist generates electricity for daily usage of human being.23 Hydropower is a one of the worlds biggest source of renewable energy and play important role or facing challenges during period of climate vary. 24 Hydropower also is considering clean energy source because it does not release any toxins to damage the environment. 25Figure 3.1 Water cycle diagram3.5.1 Types of Hydropo werHydropower is primarily used to generate electricity. There are fewer types of hydropower which is common usage in world.Micro hydro provide few hundred kilowatts to remote villages, homes and small industries.26Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores the water that has been pumped during low demand and generates it when demand is high.26Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity it will capture the energizing energy in rivers without using dams.26Conventional hydroelectricity power comes from the potential energy of dammed and water drives the turbine to generate electricity.27The most common type of hydropower that has been used is conventional hydroelectricity known as hydroelectricity power plant which is uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. This power transport is usually placed in hill areas so can build dams easily and can obtain larger water reservoir and generate huge quantity of electricity. 283.5.2 How is hydroelectricity power produced?http//cwc.gov.in/Kids%20 Corner_files/hydropower.gifFigure 3.2 Simple Hydropower station diagramIn hydropower station, the potential energy that stored in body of water at a given top is born-again to kinetic energy which is used to rotate the turbine and produce electricity. 28In the generation of electricity by using hydroelectric power, water is accrued or stock up at higher level and sharpen descending through large pipes to lower level known as penstock. 29 formerly the water reaches the end of the penstock with higher pressure it will hits and drives the turbine to create mechanical energy from kinetic energy. Turbines rotate the connected to equip which is turn the generator and change mechanical energy to electrical energy. 9 inwardly the generator there is rotor that covers by turbine. Large electromagnets are connected to the rotor located within coils of copper wires called as stator. Flow of electrons is formed in the coils of stator when a generator rotor spins the magnets. 31 This produ ces electricity that can be step up in voltage through the station transformers and centre cross transmission lines. Therefore, transmission line conducts electricity from hydropower plant to the distribution system. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of using hydroelectric power stationAdvantagesIt is constantly renewable remaining to the habitual nature of the hydrologic cycle.The water that been used for generation of electricity can be utilize for irrigation, yachting and fishing, kayaking and etc.Fuel is not burned so there is nominal pollution and no waste is producedUsing water to run the power plant that provided free by natureDisadvantagesOnly at especial(a) places hydropower plant can be constructed.Dams are expensive to build.Possibility of dam collapsing3.6 Solar energySolar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun that is converted into thermal or electricity energy for homes and exertion usage. The amount of energy falling on the earth is given b y the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy. 32 Renewable and sustainable energy source such as solar energy make use of it around the world to produce electricity for number of different purpose and its use is both environmentally-friendly and cost-effective over the long term. There are varieties of technologies that have been used to take benefits of solar energy. Types of technologies such as photovoltaic system is common have been used to develop solar energy for daily and powering numerous applications. 33Photovoltaic system (PV) is solar cells or panels directly convert sunlight into electricity. 34 The conversion of sunlight directly into electricity (DC) will be done by solar cells. Electricity from solar cells is stored in the battery for instant or future usage and where an inverter is required to change the Direct true (DC) to alternating(a) menstruum (AC) to power the most AC appliances. 35 Photovoltaic system solar cell made of semiconduct ing materials that related to those used in computer chips. Once the rays are engaged by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from the atoms, via allowing the electrons to tend through the material to produce electricity. This process of converting light (photon) to electricity (voltages) is called as photovoltaic (PV) effect. 36 The simple of photovoltaic (PV) system bedeckd in figure below that can explain about it.A diagram of how the components of a PV system move with each other.Figure Simple Photovoltaic (PV) system with componentsThe electricity that generated can be stored or directly utilize by photovoltaic standalone system, or a huge electricity grid powered supplied by interchange generation plants (photovoltaic grid-tied system), or else joint with single or numerous domestic electricity generations to supply into small grid (photovoltaic hybrid system). 37 Supplying of DC and/or AC electrical load that operate independently of the electric utili ty grid is designed by standalone photovoltaic system. Direct-coupled system is of the simplest type of standalone photovoltaic system that the DC output of a module or array is directly connected to a DC load (figure). 38 When there is no electrical energy stored in batteries in direct-coupled system, the load can operates during the sunlight. So, common applications that used for example water pumps, ventilation fans and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems are appropriate. 38A diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system.Figure Direct coupled PV systemHybrid system only integrates more than one generating source, which may use an engine-generator, wind, or utility power as a supplementary power source. Initially the battery store is recharged by the photovoltaic system once insufficient the generator charges the batteries.Solar Hybrid SystemFigure Photovoltaic hybrid systemGrid tie photovoltaic system is deliberate to work with utility grid power. Direc t Current (DC) power from the Photovoltaic array into Alternating Current (AC) power is converted by the inverter. AC appliances or local utility company can make use of the direct AC power.Solar Grid-Tie SystemFigure Photovoltaic Grid Tie system3.7 Wind EnergyWind energy is the renewable power or energy which comes from the air that flowing across the earths surface. Wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. 40 Wind is exist due to uneven heats of the atmosphere by sun, the irregularity of the earths landscape and rotation of the earth.41 Movement of air from region of higher pressure level to region of lower pressure level is also known as wind. When hot air increases, the atmospheric pressure will reduce at earths exterior, and the cooler air will perish in to fill up the void. In fact, flow of wind patterns are personalized by earth landscape, vegetative cover and bodies of water. One of the hurrying growing sources of electricity and fastest growing markets in the worl d today is wind energy because is green power, sustainable, affordable, and economic development. 42 In wind turbines there are consist of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines been designed for rotation function.3.7.1 How a wind energy or wind turbine is work?Terms of wind energy or else wind power illustrate the generation of mechanical power or electricity by using wind. Air has mass when it is in motion, and it contains the energy of that motion, known as kinetic energy. 40 Therefore wind turbines are usually use to harvest the kinetic energy and convert it by using inverter into utilizable which can provide electricity for home, business applications and for sale to utilities. Wind turbine also produce mechanical energy that harvested from kinetic energy to drive machinery, for instance grinding grain and pumping water, the device called as windmill or wind pump in rural place. wind energy diagramMost common method to generate electricity is by using wind turbines. Figure 1 is explaining the simple understand on working principle of wind turbines. news report from the figure 1, wind will turn the large turbine blades the turning energy will spins a generator shaft and produces electricity. The electricity that produced by wind turbine is Direct Current (DC) and it cannot use because household appliances and use Alternating Current (AC). Hence, inverters connect to wind turbines to the mains power of a building and used to convert the DC electricity into useable AC electricity. 43 Small- weighing machine of wind energy does not use inverters, as an alternative using the wind energy electricity can be charge batteries, connected to buildings main power or else connected to national power grid. 44AdvantagesThere are no fossil or fuels required to generate electricity 45Wind energy does not pollute at all so does not harm environment or discharge any toxic gases7Wind energy directly can be used as mechanical energy47DisadvantagesOnce there is no wind, s olar energy or geothermal energy use as alternative way to generate electricity 48 rent expensive storage throughout peak production time.49Requires large scale area to build wind farm.494. ConclusionGreen energy is the only visible solution so that the future generations are not compromised

The Deposition From the Cross : Art Analysis

The attestation From the get over Art AnalysisThe affirmation from the CrossThe Deposition from the Cross is a Jacopo Pontormos oil on wood moving- submit represent which placed at the Capponi Chapel altar in the Santa Felicitac church in Florence. The Deposition is peerless of the classical prospects that portray the life of Jesus in the medieval finesse. And as a result of the convolutions of the composition, it is whizz in which Renaissance artists had a changeless curiosity to draw such as Raphael and Caravaggio and much(prenominal) others. So maven of my big interests of this painting is the story lay behind the deposition from the bedevil itself and why it became an important subject for Pontormo and the others. Moreover the disposition figures, with it are piercingly replicated startances, vivid and ruthless shows are merged in a bleak and firmed space which opens a big issue for me of the description of this painting. In this report I will in addition focus on the differences of the faces of the grieve throngs and the figure of Madonna. Also, I will talk about the myth that connect with this painting that Pontormo had a drawn a self-portrait in the painting as Joseph of Arimathea.The Deposition from the Cross is the surviving masterpiece painting done by Jacopo Pontorm and done around 1525-1528, It is an oil in wood and the size of the painting is 313 X 192 cm and the location of this painting is in Capponi Chapel in Santa Felicita di Firenze church in Florence 1.This painting shows a landscape at night with about 11 figures. The figures annoy a replicated sharp form that make nearly of them look the same. The most capturing figure is a reality that is cut substantiate up by 2 other figure. The man that holds up is half(prenominal) nude with only a small piece of chromatic color cloth covering his privies. The mans hair is little long and orange and with excessively an orange bear. One of the cardinal figures that holding th e nude man is man whos holding the legs. The man has a strange pinky colored back skin that it looks like a sun burn but not for sure. Another figure which is hard to distinguish if is it is a man or a woman whos holding the upper part of the nude man. Although the twain figures are carrying the mass of a mature man, they hardly come in to speckle the land under them. The other figures look almost the same and the spaces between them are really small. All the figures rest 9 figures are appear to be women and all of them are almost wearing the same air of cloth except the bearded figure at the far adjust in the background of the picture. These figures seem to be a little contrasting from the rest 10 figures since it looks out of the picture and look as if it added subsequently to the painting. The landscape of the painting is very limited with only one feel cloud and a dark ground with a wrinkled olive colored sheet. The figurs looks like if they mournering some one.The Depos ition from the Cross, is considered by m any art historian to be Pontormos existing masterpiece. The Deposition generates a scene of whirlling aggroup who moving with a sensitively emotional feeling while the Jesuss dust is carryed down from the crabby and presented to his mother Mary. Even though that normally The Deposition from the Cross is desciping Juses been lowered down from the cross but the unpresent of the actual cross in the painting, make many historian to matter the subject of this picture and concider it as doubtful type of paint. Also the two boys that holding juses substantiate infered in the past as two Angles whose helping the deliveryman in his crossing to Heaven. So the presnt of the two angle and the lack of the cross ready an presumption for some historian to consider the scene to be to a greater extent accurately be called a Lamentation which decribe those who are supporting the rescuer who appear as distressed as the mourners. However the lack of any v isible tomb interrupts that presumption, just as the lack of cross creates a dilemma for the Deposition analysis. It has also been distinguished by art historian that the locations of Virgin and her child the Christ appear to replicate Michelangelos famous lock the Piet, although in phontormo piece in the Deposition shows the mother and son declare been split.Therefore this painting cosider to be really contovershial since it carries an essentials of a Lamentation and Entombment and also the Piet1. On the other side Legend has it that Pontormo had set himself in self-portrait as Joseph of Arimathea at the upper right of the image The figure does not appear in a elementary drawing of the altarpiece realized for relocate, suggesting that Pontormo may have decided to squeeze it during the finishing of the painting. Unlike of the other, much freer and more summary beginning sketches he made for the altarpieces, this drawing is highly finished, with a subtle rendreing of the highligh ts of the face demonstrating that Pontormo was thinking about its tonallity for the painting. His focus here on internal emotion suggested through facial expression contrasts with the much more lively vision of himself that he made during his rest at Galluzo 3.The figures, with their sagaciously modeled forms and brilliant colors are united in an staggeringly complex, swirling ovular composition, housed by a shallow, somewhat flattened space.The Deposition from the Cross, or Descent, is the scene, as depicted in art, from the Gospel account of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus taking Christ down from the cross after his crucifixion (John 1938-42). In gnarled art the topic became popular in the 9th century, and in the West from the tenth century. The Descent from the Cross is the 13th Station of the Cross. Other figures not hinted in the Gospels who are oftentimes involved in depictions of this subject include St. John the Evangelist, who is sometimes depicted supporting a faint ing Mary (as in the work below by Van der Weyden), and Mary Magdalene. The Gospels mention an undefined number of women as watching the crucifixion, including the Three Marys, (Mary Salome being mentioned in Mark (Mark 1540), and also that the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalene dictum the burial (Mark 1547). These and further women and unnamed male helpers are often shown. The scene was usually included in medieval cycles of the Life or the Passion of Christ, between the Crucifixion and the Entombment of Christ. Even in wee depictions the details and posing of the composition, and especially the position of Christs torso, are varied. The Pieta or Lamentation, presentation the body of Christ held by Mary, may intervene between these two, and is crude as an individual image, especially in sculpture. The Bearing of the body, showing Christs body being carried to his tomb, and the Anointing of Christs body, showing the body laid flat on the top of the tomb or a similarly-shaped anointi ng-stone are other scenes that may be shown. This last is especially important in Orthodox art, where it is shown on the Epitaphios. With the Renaissance the subject became popular for altarpieces, partly because of the challenges of the composition, and the suitability of its vertical shape. The Mannerist edition of Rosso Fiorentino is usually regarded as his most important work, and Pontormos altarpiece is perhaps his most ambitious work. The subject was painted several times by both Rubens and Rembrandt, who repeated one of his paintings (now Munich) in a large print, his only one to be mainly engraved, as well as making two other etchings of the subject.Pontormos in his composition used the mannerist style to show the characteristics of the figure.

Man and Nature in The Grapes of Wrath Essay -- Grapes Wrath essays

Man and Nature in The Grapes of fretfulness In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses both obvious references and subtle contrasts to emphasize the chief(prenominal) theme of the novel the sanctity of mans relationship to the natural world and to separately other. Machines have no place in this relationship. They act as a barrier between men and the shoot down. They are dangerous because they perform the endure of men with greater efficiency, but they lack the spiritual element that makes the land so valuable. Chapter five uses imagery to detail the evil inherent in the plowing of land by a machine stern the tractor roll the shining disks, shrinkting the earth with blades-not plowing but surgery, pushing the cut earth to the right where the second row of disks cut it and pushed it to the left disappearance blades shining, polished by the cut earth. And pulled behind the disks, the harrows combing with iron teething so that the little clods broke up and the earth lay smooth. Behind the harrows, the long seeders- twelve curved iron penes erected in the foundry, orgasms set...

Cloning :: essays research papers

Why ban re-create? For one, the many deformed, stillborn, diseased and dead animals created on the way to making Dolly. As must as were cosmos told that serviceman cloning is just around the corner, in fact, even the scientists who ar most successful at cloning have a very(prenominal) poor track record making cloned animals. (5)Although cloning experts claim that their drill would help infertile couples, the experience with animal cloning has shown that scientifically, the experiment generates ethical concerns just as it is still replete with a lot of risks for the offspring. at that place are reasonable grounds that urge caution about this saucily advance in genetic engineering without being techno-phobic. (3)Already homo cloning violates existing laws in whatever countries while in some other countries such as United Kingdom where human cloning is not yet banned legally, the government is contemplating legislating against it for reproductive purposes. re-create for the rapeutic reasons is allowed in UK on a limited scale. The outrage against human cloning is some places are such that in Italy the medical administration are considering withdrawing Dr. Anthinoris license if he insists on the practice. (3)In an Illinois republi screwings judgment, It is critical that both state and federal lawmakers look carefully at upcoming legislation to ban cloning to ensure that scientific advances which may sure fatal diseases are protected. (2)Congressmen observes, that no one sincerely knows what discoveries might yet be made in treating debilitating diseases as the human cloning issue is aired and determined by congress. (2)Florida introduced the criminalize of cloning, but then quickly withdrew because it would have banned cloning of humans and the cloning of DNA. Many do not want cloning to be totally banned because it is important to innovative scientific research, which may distortion off from the cloning technique. (2)Cloning for ultimate medical purposes should be contained to animals and agriculture, and not be extended to humans. Congress takes attention to carefully and cautiously takes actuate in crafting cloning legislation that precludes cloning humans. (2)President Clinton and a fall of congressional members already have nixed human cloning. No longer can it be done, but should it be done? Are there potency outcomes for medicines that are worth exploring?

Hamlets Frustration Essay -- Hamlet

hamlets FrustrationIn order to pick up Hamlet, we must understand his frustration. This frustration is most clear in his famous monologue, famously inception with the line Oh what a rogue and peasant slave am I. This regret is pedigreeed by his admiration for the actor of the previous scene, who in a apologue is able to force his soul to his own conceit. The word soul is an modeling of metonymy, as the soul represents theactors visage, tears, distraction, and voice. Thus Hamlet equates soul with ones actions, so by his own comparison his soul is weak, as he does not espouse action against the king. The second sentence is furthermore a rhetorical question, antecedent with, Is it not So clearly Hamlets lack of emotion is monstrous in his own mind at the very start of the monologue. The equation of Hecuba to vigour is thus contrasted by Hamlets cue being the murder of his father. Hamlet then states that the actor would drown the stage with tears if he were in Hamlets position . The opthalmic hyperbole which is compounded by the repetition of rhythm (Make emotional the guilty, appal the free) and the deep assonance (cleave, ear, speech, free,) serves to further prove Hamlets flavour that he is inadequate, weak, since both the sounds and the exaggeration build to and are immediately compared with Hamlet himself. Hamlet directly holds himself up to the actor and then begins to apply his spot of inadequacy to his exact situation. The fragment, yet I is isolated to emphasize the contrast between the actor and himself, action and inaction. The following metaphoric phrase wispy and muddy-mettled rascal can only be spoken slowly, thereby illustrating the disbelief through b... ...oretically have an impact, though in reality the purpose of the calculate is to verify something that Hamlet already knows. It is therefore a convoluted order of procrastination and a haphazard way of avoiding all of his self-criticisms. Works Cited and ConsultedDanson, Lawrenc e. sad Alphabet. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Alphabet Shakespeares Drama of Language. N. p. Yale University Press, 1974.Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An impetuous but Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ University of Delaware Press, 1992.Shakespeare, William. The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html

Air Pollution and Climate Change in Tanzania Essay -- Africa Environme

Air Pollution and Climate transfigure in TanzaniaIn looking at how weather and climate effect Tanzanian society, it is important to emphasize how both increased stock pollution and take the stand of climate change are of growing concern to Tanzanias future. A developing nation of roughly 38 million citizens invested in an thriftiness primarily focused on agriculture, Tanzania is at this time unable to shell out the growing issues it is facing as they relate to the livelihoods of the majority of its citizens. Prolonged drought has increased the importance of the countrys rainy season, and further amplified the terror of each years dry months, which last for the majority of the year. eyepatch many of Tanzanias citizens worry about the want of federal observe and legislation surrounding air pollution and climate change, they are a great deal inadvertently contributing to their own demise as they struggle to stretch out with antiquated technology and lifestyles in general. As of September 2007, and as describe in September 2003, the Tanzanian government has no official policies or standards on air pollution that its industries and citizens must follow. Instead, due to a lack of financial and thus technical resources, little has been done to measure and appreciate the amount of harmful toxins in the air that the general population breathes daily, intimately especially in its densely populated cities. The Tanzanian government hasnt sat completely idle however, and in general terms has intercommunicate issues of air pollution in legislation dating back to the 1960s. However, the merchant Shipping Act (1967), one of the first pieces of legislation mentioned the concept of air pollution, did not do so in a way that punishing on the significant dangers raised pollution... ... aid Tanzania is likely to be doom to a fate it cannot and will not be able to control. ReferencesAPINA. Tanzania soil Fact Sheet. Air Pollution Information Network Africa. Septem ber 2003. .Kupaza, Ramdhani. Tanzania evaluate Attitude Toward Air. Arusha Times. 15 September 2007. .Loserian, David. Climate Change and Poverty Experiences in Eastern Tanzania, Morogoro Region. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group. No Date. seors/file_storage/8mi6mz7utr9h9ce.pdf.Paavola, Jouni. Vulnerability to Climate Change in Tanzania Sources, Substance and Solutions. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment. 19 June 2003. papers/paavola_tanzania.pdf.

Essay on Art in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man -- Portrait Ar

Art in A Portrait of the operative as a little Man Stephen Dedalus philosophy of art, expressed in his discussion with Lynch in Chapter Five, seems basically romantic, yet the novel is create verbally in a very realistic mode typical of the 20th century. This apparent inconsistency may direct us to one government agency of interpreting this novel. Dedalus idea of art may be Romantic, but beca manipulation his dry land is no longer the world of the Romantics he has to see art to a greater extent as a fundamental validation of his own being than as a communication of a special vision. Two aspects of Romanticism prognosticate into this analysis of A Portrait of the Artist as a youth Man. First, the Romantics defining belief in some connection between the valet spirit and some higher purpose, and their belief in arts capacity to advert as the vehicle to connect the human with the divine, is the philosophical underpinning of Dedalus esthetic theory. Second, however, the Romant ics overly believed that they were communicating in the words of the people, to the hearts of the people, and this Dedalus cannot quite believe he can do. He senses inchoately that communication of the Romantic vision to a innovational world is impossible. Therefore, Dedalus difficult coming of age as an artist, and perhaps Joyces, records the essentially romantic, Platonic soul, struggling to emerge from the oppressive realities of the mundane world. The Platonic soul has to reject that world because it is not divine, as the Romantics rejected the Enlightenment scientific worldview, but whereas the Romantics of Wordsworths age could believe their role was to communicate this truth by means of poetry to the people, Stephen Dedalus can only withdraw from the world into abstruse theory, or a l... ...religion, its politics, its poverty, its people. Conclusion So when Dedalus finally pronounces his break from his whole upbringing, it is for this movement his Romantic soul doesnt c omport very well with his realists understanding of the world. Since he cannot believe, as Wordsworth did, that the spiritually starved masses were waiting out on that point for his pronouncement of a Grand Vision, he does the only thing he can&emdashhe opts out I will not do that in which I no longer believe whether it call itself my home, my native land or my church and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defence the only arms I allow myself to use&emdashsilence, exile, and cunning. (247) Works CitedJoyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York NewAmerican Library, 1991.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne was natural in Salem, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1804. His parents were Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. When he entered Bowdoin College in 1821, he studied to be a professional writer. He was well aware of the fact that cosmos a writer was non supported by his puritan forefathers and was plain looked down upon as a wasted life. In 1842 Nathaniel married Sophia Peabody and they lived in Concord, which was known in that time as the center of transcendentalism, the idealistic doctrine that opposed puritanical and materialistic values. They also lived in the house of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a very famous transcendentalist had lived and written Nature     in1836. He later go to Salem, where after his mothers death in 1849 he started writing The violent Letter.     The Scarlet Letter, which is set in colonial seventeenth-century New England, was actually written and create in the gist of the nineteenth-century. Because Haw thorne wrote about an earlier time than his book was publish, it is design to be a historical romance written in the middle of the transcendentalist movement. Even though this was going on at the time of publication, Hawthorne did not put any of his views about this matter in the allegory, instead he poked fun at his other colleges that did write about it. Abolitionism was more definitive in The Scarlet Letter, because Hawthorne saw this as threatening instability in America and thought he should address his concerns through his book.     This entire novel takes place in and close to the colonial town of capital of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, somewhere around the seventeenth century. At this point in history he describes Boston as being the frontier between the settled sea and the barbaric wilderness of the west. He describes what is on the outside of the town as a " Black Forest", which is a symbol of evil.     Pearl is the dau ghter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She kickoff appears in the novel as an infant, again at three days old, and finally at seven. She grows up as an intimate of nature, but comparable most of the characters in The Scarlet Letter, Pearl is very complex and contradictory. At one point in the book she hates the Puritan elders for what they did to her mother (the indorse she imagined about the weeds in the garden). Then when her mother tries to throw outside(a) the scarlet letter it is her daughter Pearl who insists she wear it again.

Civil Rights, Equality and the Music of Nina Simone Essay -- Autobiogr

Nina Simone used music to challenge, provoke, incite, and tell the masses during the period that we know as the Civil Rights Era. In the songs quadruplet Women, Young quick and Black, and Mississippi God Damn, Nina Simone musically maps a personal intersectionality as it relates to being a black American female artist. Kimberly Crenshaw defines intersectionality as an inability for black women to separate race, class and gender. Nina Simones music directly addresses this paradigm. While she is celebrated as a rich artist her political and social activism is understated despite her front- line carriage in the movement. According to Ruth Feldstein Nina Simone recast black activism in the 1960s. Feldstein goes on to say that Simone was known to have supported the struggle for black immunity in the United States much earlier, and in a more crude(a) manner around the world than had many other African American entertainers. Her family ties to the south, her unique talent, her ability to travel and make money are same to the vapors women movement that preceded her. It can be said that Nina Simone goes a feel further the by directly attacking inequities pertaining to race and gender in her music. However, what distinguishes her is her unique musicianship and that is what ultimately garners her massive exposure and experiences than those of her past contemporaries. Like the Blues women Simone expands ideas pertaining to self-expression, identity and beauty as they relate to black women. She does this by comprehend what is definitively African American and connecting that to a historical context. By doing so she is the physique of a political statement. Her journey which began like many entertaine... ...utobiography Of Nina Simone, Da Capo pep up 2003.Additional Sources ConsultedBrooks, Daphne A. . Nina Simones Triple Play. Callaloo. 35.4 (2011) 176-194. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. .Lewis, Andrea. Nina Simone remains a powerful consumption for black women. Progressive. (2003) n. page. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. .Simone, Nina, perf. Mississippi Goddam. 1964. Song.https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVQjGGJVSXcSimone, Nina, perf. To Be Young, Gifted and Black. 1970. Song.https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3OIfuVpocUSimone, Nina, perf. Four Women, 1966. Song.https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nf9Bj1CXPH8Tsuruta, Dorothy Randall. I Aint nearly To Be Non-Violent, Honey.. Black Scholar 29.2/3 (1999) 54. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 11 Feb. 2013.

Religion in Joshua and The Children :: Joshua and The Children Essays

Religion in Joshuaand The Children Herms question, Josh, what do you think of Religion? becomes the beginning of a period of twain joy and conflict for Joshua as he is then often encountered with some(prenominal) related questions and, later, contradiction from the Church. These questions e very last(predicate) lead to similar answers, in which Joshua expands on his ideas. And because of this further give-and-take, its important to read all of his responses throughout the phonograph recording in order to down the stairsstand his reply and to intelligently decide to arrest or disagree. Therefore, my reaction to Joshuas reply is based on everything he said concerning religion. The question arises from a discussion between Pat, Herm, and Joshua concerning his lifestyle. They are walking home from breakfast at the diner and the other two are interested in why Joshua doesnt mind living only if. get intot you get lonesome living by yourself? Herm asks (72). But Joshua pardons to them that he values the serenity of living alone. He tells them that he can peacefully enjoy the beauty of nature outside and the animals also keep him confederation at times. But the main reason why Joshua never feels alone is that God is always with him, loving him always, and will never abandon him no(prenominal) I like being by myself God is with us all the time (72). Pat and Herm agree but still can non imagine living alone without any feeling of loneliness and this discussion of God leads to Herms question. Joshuas response is similar to a oratory or speech, and is over a page in length he is firm in these beliefs and reiterates them several times throughout the book. He is very prepared for the question before saying a word he asks, the way it religion is or the way God intended it to be? (73). And when he is sure of the latter, releases everything inside him, as if he was just waiting to explain what people had been doing wrong. His main point is that Jesus wanted to free those under the pressure of rules in their religions and offered a comforting God who loved them, ask only for honor and worship in return. Joshua is also disappointed in the way the clergy preside over their congregations Jesus did not envision bosses He wanted his apostles to guide and serve, not to dictate and legislate (74).

401(k) Plans :: Finance Financial Money Retirement Essays

401(k) PlansThere be many economic issues face up the nation today. While some areextremely important in determining how the economy is balanced, others are non.Although this is true, that does not necessarily make these lesser importantissues obsolete. Take, for example, the recent issue of corporate leadersco-ordinated contributors to the 401(k) propose with company stock, instead of withcash. Though this is a relatively National issue, it fluent large(p)ly affects alarge number of people in contradictory areas as well as you and me. Because of thiseffect on such a large number of people, it is necessary that this issue bediscussed, as get out happen within the next few paragraphs.In the way that a 401(k) stock matching plan is pay off up clock iseverything. In a basic 401(k) plan employees put forth a set amount of dollars(usually pre-determined personally by the employee) before taxes are withheldThis portion of the employees paycheck is put toward his or her retirement. What some companies prefer to do in allege to make the 401(k) plan moreattractive for employees, is to match each employees investment funds in the plan bya certain percent. Here is where the riddle comes in. Though some companiesmatch contributors either with cash or with a direct credit to the plan, othercompanies match with corporate stock. According to Richard Sasanow, a formerassistant of public communications at Ernst and Young, many experts analysethis to be one of the riskiest investments for a 401 (k)-but may be worth it ifyou conceptualize your company has a great future. (Sasanow, 45) A recent survey showsthat 18 percent of all companies made their matching contributions this way.Now for small, fast-growing businesses this would not seem as much of a risksince these companies stock are generally on the increase. But for some largecorporations, this is a great risk for employees since a lot of theirretirement money is now establish on how well the company does.Some say that because contribution matching is now based on how well thecompany does, then employees entrust strive to do a more efficient job in order toincrease the overall stock price of the company, which, in turn, leave alone increasethe amount of retirement they will receive. Now the problem of timing comes inagain. Mr. Jim Davenport, a Staff Writer for The State Newspaper uses a goodexample An imaginary worker for an oil company was aspect forward toretiring at the end of the week. His 401(k) is fat and has been getting fatterthank to company stock.