Philippine culture Essay

Academic Scientific psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya Western Tradition This follows the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt in 1876 and is essentially the Ameri open fire-oriented Western psychology cosmos studied in the Philippines. Academic Philosophic psychological science or Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya Western Tradition This was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas. This tradition is master(prenominal)ly focused on what is called Rational psychology. Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya This is the tradition on which Philippine psychology is primarily based.This refers to the native concepts that atomic frame 18 studied using natal psychological predilection and ruleologies. Psycho-medical spectral Psychology or Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal The tradition that fuses native healing techniques and explains it in an autochthonous religious context. By Noeco C. Marquino,BS. Psychology UNO-R. Core time value or Kapwa Kapwa, su m togetherness, is the core draw of Philippine Psychology. Kapwa refers to community non doing things alvirtuoso. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao ( opposite people) and Hindoo Ibang Tao ( non some other people).Ibang Tao (noncitizen) There argon five domains in this trace Pakikitungo civility Pakikisalamuha act of mixing Pakikilahok act of joining Pakikibagay conformity Pakikisama be united with the group. Hindi Ibang Tao (virtuoso-of-us) There are three domains in this construct Pakikipagpalagayang-loob act of mutual trust Pakikisangkot act of joining others Pakikipagkaisa being whizz with others Pivotal inter psycheal value Pakiramdam Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others emotions, as a prefatory tool to scarper his dealings with other people. Linking socio-personal value Kagandahang-Loob Shared humanity.This refers to being able to avail other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Fili pino humanity. Accommodative coat values Hiya Loosely translated as overawe by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually sense of propriety. Utang na Loob Norm of reciprocality. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors-whether these were asked for or non-when it is needed or wanted. Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This emplacement is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.Confrontative surface values Bahala Na This attitude, loosely translated into English as fatalistic passiveness, actually describes the Filipino way of conduct, in which, he is de vergeined to do his best, hence the status bahala na, which actually came from the phrase bathalan na, meaning I get out do all my best, let God take care of the take a breath. Lakas ng Loob This attitude is characterized by being courageousnessous in the thick of problems and uncertainties. Pakikibaka Literally in English , it subject matter concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to accept revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.Societal values Karangalan Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that learning to make a stand or judge virtually his/her worth. Puri the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. Dangal the intimate aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth. Katarungan Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in self-aggrandising rewards to a person. Kalayaan Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).Approaches and methods Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are diverse from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called kalahok, are cons idered as equal in status to the inquiryer. The participants are included in the research as a group, and not as individuals hence, an umpukan, or natural cluster, is undeniable to serve as the participants, per se. The detective is introduced to a natural cluster by a tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a well-respected man in the community. slightly of the many approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are Pakikipagkuwentuhan In this method, the research worker engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, musical composition the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish sacred scripture cuento, literally pith to tell a story. Panunuluyan In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan.The term tuloy, which is the root news program of the term panunuluyan, literally means to go in. Pagdadalaw-dalaw In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay, as opposed to staying in the house. The term dalaw literally means visit. Pagtatanung-tanong In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however, lead questions (those questions which directly refer to the motif being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to deem been derived from the kalahoks answers themselves.The word tanong literally means question. Pakikiramdam In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are make believe to be part of his research or not. The term damdam literally means inner perception of emotions. Pakapa-kapa In this approach, the researcher uses groping, or a mixture of feelings as well as circu mstances, to justify his intrusion into the spirit of his/her participants or kalahok. The term kapa literally means to grope in the unconsolable. Psychopathology.Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that move be found only in the Philippines or in other nations with which Filipinos share racial connections. Examples of such are Amok Malayan witticism disorder, more aptly called Austronesian Mood Disorder, in which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance.After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event. Bangungot A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a apathy and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailands Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties have been proven. Filipino psychopathology also refers to the contrary presentments of mental disorders in Filipino people.One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are for the most part, less violent. Psycho- medication encounter also Philippine Mythology Filipino psycho euphony, or sikomedikal na sikolohiya in Filipino, is the coat of basic psychology to native healing practices loosely considered as medicine. These practices are closely tied to the faith healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the babaylan or katalonan, who were suppressed by the Spaniards during their small town of the Philippines. Examples of such practices includeHilot The use of massage to aid a heavy(predicate) mother in the delivery of her child. Kulam Hex or bewitchment. L ihi An intense liking for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or manghihilot testify that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result. Pasma A concept that explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness, especially rheumatism. Susto Soul-flight. Derived from Latin American traditions. Pagtatawas A method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically used by the albularyo or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions.The tawas is used to swing out (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or ailing split of the organic structure as prayers are being whispered (bulong or oracion). It is then laid on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a determine that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces d warfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo).The water in the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and impel westward, preferably into the setting sun. Usog A concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a st range of a functionr acquires a mysterious illness. Apparently derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo. Gaba or gabaa The Cebuano concept of negative Karma. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Filipino_psychology History of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, or the Psychology of, about, and for the Filipinos.Psychology as an academic discipline in the Philippines started in the originallyhand(predicate) 1900s when the U. S. colonized the country. Scientifically, it was generally viewed as a continuation of the development of psychology in the West. In the early 1970s, however, in that location came a turning headland in the lives of Filipinos. It was a period marked by a in high spirits degree of caseism, brought about by the declaration of the Martial Law. It was ironic that the stupefy of Philippine Psychology was, at that time, a recent Ph. D. graduate of north University in the U. S. More on this topic.Filipino Values Indigenous Concepts in Filipino Psychology cultural, Societal Traditions Remain Integral Part of Philippines uncase Whitening and Dark Beauty in the Philippines It was precisely his Western educational activity that made Sikolohiyang Pilipino afford Virgilio Enriquez realize the need to have a psychology based on the experience, ideas, and orientation of the Filipinos. Together with three other colleaguesProspero Covar (anthropologist), and genus Zeus Salazar (historian), and Alfredo Lagmay (psychologist)they helped establish the foundation for a psychology of and for the Filipinos.Enriquez had been a professor of Psychology in the University of the Philippines in Diliman in 1963, but left in 1966 for the U. S. to absorb a Ph. D. in Social Psychology. From in that respect, he watched the disenchantment of young learner activists in the Philippines over the deteriorating political and social conditions of the country. When Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971, he embarked on a research study with Lagmay into the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology, which included identifying indigenous concepts and approaches. Four years later, he chaired the first national conference on Filipino Psychology.In this conference, the ideas, concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally articulated. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the University of the Philippines When Enriquez returned from the States, he and a few other colleagues translated exotic articles to Filipino. The students were also strongly boost to write their papers in this language instead of in English, which had been (and quiet is) the medium of instruction in the University. Graduall y, more and more members of the faculty were convinced to use the Filipino language in teaching Introductory Psychology.The main problems they encountered in the use of Filipino in teaching psychology, especially in its initial years, included the want of materials written in Filipino and the privation of a technical vocabulary. These challenges were solved by translations, compilations of local materials, and choosing the bewitch wrangle from the local dialect. There were times when the technical term was retained when there was no equivalent in Filipino. This did not work out because Enriquez agnise that the translation failed to express a truly Filipino psychology.Other factors were the hindrance of expressing or explaining some Western concepts and theories in Filipino, the negative reactions of students who sometimes matt-up that their skill in speaking and writing in Filipino was inadequate, and the students lack of fluency in the language. However, there were observable benefits as well brought about by the use of Filipino in teaching psychology. Among other things It created emend rapport between teacher and students There was a more relaxed strain in the classroom The students confidence grew in expressing their opinions, thoughts, and actual experiences.A different perspective, which was more Filipino, was introduced into the course Indigenous concepts were discovered and The scope of topics discussed became broader with the addition of info from local materials and experiences. Class discussions also became more concrete in simile to Philippine reality. Psychology became related intimately and significantly to the everyday life of the people. Most importantly, with the birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a psychology with a Filipino orientation was developed. The Status of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Now.Sikolohiyang Pilipino continues to thrive, despite the death of Enriquez in the early 90s. Its proponents continue to preach for a psychology that is truly responsive and reflective to the needs and the singular situation of the Filipino people. http//www. stumbleupon. com/su/2DjFxC/www. suite101. com/content/sikolohiyang-pilipinothe-history-of-philippine-psychology-a316940/ Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino has basic concepts based on indigenous Filipino values, including hiya, bahala na, and utang na loob. According to founder Virgilio Enriquez,Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Filipino.Psychology is psychology in the Philippines, for and about the Filipinos. It has a number of concepts uniquely based on Filipino values. Filipino Values in Focus One of the major focus of Sikolohiyang Pilipino are the values and concepts see by foreign social scientists. Bahala na had been compared to the American fatalism. In doubting Thomas Andress Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values, it is defined as the attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems leaving everything to Godthis is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawa l from an engagement or crisis or a shirking from personal responsibility. For Filipino psychologists, however, bahala na is not fatalism but determination and risk-taking. Filipinos do not leave their fate to God when they say bahala na rather they are telling themselves that they are ready to face the difficult situation before them and will do their best to achieve their objectives. It is a way of pumping courage into their system before a difficult task. Ads by Google Expat & Local focusing International team of therapists for kids, teens, adults, & couples www. thecounsellingplace. com Meditation Free MP3s Above the clouds, The sun is ever shining.www. ramatalks. com Hiya and Other Misinterpreted Filipino Values Hiya is another concept indigenous to the Filipinos, and it is literally translated as shame. This interpretation of hiya is inadequate because it does not consider the other meanings of the word in different circumstances and form. Armando Bonifacio said that nakak ahiya (embarrassing) is different from napahiya (placed in an clownish position) and ikinahihiya (be embarrassed with someone). Zeus Salazar also said that there are internal and external aspects of hiya. Foreign scholars have captured only the external aspect.The more appropriate translation of hiya is not shame, but sense of propriety. More on this topic Sikolohiyang Pilipino The History of Philippine Psychology Food in the Philippines Reflects Different Cultural Influences Cultural, Societal Traditions Remain Integral Part of Philippines For Western psychologist Charles Kaut, utang na loob is debt of gratitude. This exposition identified the utang (debt) only, ignoring the other concepts related to loob such as sama ng loob, kusang loob, and lakas ng loob. Utang na loob became convenient in perpetuating the colonial status of the Filipino mind.For Enriquez, reciprocity maintains the image of colonizer as benefactor. When utang na loob is looked at in the Filipino context, it becomes not debt of gratitude but gratitude / human solidarity. It is not a big a burden as debt is because in the Filipino culture of interpersonal relations, there is always the opportunity to return a favor. It is not obligatory in the immediate future it could be fulfilled in the next generation. It binds a person to his/her home community. Pakikisama is another Filipino value that has been misinterpreted by foreign psychologists.For Frank Lynch (1961), it is maintaining smooth interpersonal relations by departure along with the majority conformity. For Enriquez, though, it is just one of the eight identifiable levels and modes of interaction in the Philippine society, which range from civility to oneness with. It approximately means conformity but it is not slavish conformity. This becomes evident only when one also looks at the different levels of interaction, which shows that all those starting with paki is oriented to others. The term pakikisama was therefore taken out of context. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in Social Research.The whole range of interaction can be summarized by the term pakikipagkapwa (an orientation/ load toward ones fellowman) better than pakikisama. Kapwa (unity of self and others/shared identity) embraces both categories of outsider and insider. Enriquez gave the following scale of relationship between researcher and participant Ibang Tao mob (Outsider) Pakikitungo (civility with) Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) Pakikilahok (participation with) Pakikibagay (in accord with/level of conforming) Pakikisama (being along with/level of adjusting) Hindi Ibang Tao Category (One-of-Us).Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being in rapport/understanding/level of mutual trust) Pakikisangkot (level of active involvement) Pakikiisa (being one with/level of oneness and full trust) Indigenous research methods identified in Sikolohiyang Pilipino as appropriate in Philippine culture are pagmamasid (general looking around), pakikiramdam (feeling with or se nsing), pagtatanung-tanong (asking questions), pagsubok (testing the situation), pagdalaw-dalaw (occasional visits), pakikilahok (participation), pakikisangkot (deeper involvement), pakapa-kapa (groping), and pakikialam (concerned interference).The field of psychology in the Philippines is growing. With the increasing number of Filipino psychologists realizing the need to indigenize the field, as well as the number of research studies being done using Sikolohiyang Pilipino methods, it can only prosper in the future. name and address Enriquez, V. (Ed. ). (1990). Indigenous psychology A book of readings. Quezon City Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino.